AR Articles

While decades of research have identified molecular pathways inducing and promoting stages of prostate cancer malignancy, studies addressing dynamic changes of cancer-related regulatory factors in a prostate tumor progression model are limited.

Despite frequent PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue) loss and Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in prostate cancer, the disease is insensitive to single-agent mTOR inhibition. Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibition might mitigate the feedback inhibition by Torc1 inhibitors, suppressing downstream Akt activation and, thus, potentiating the antitumor activity of mTOR inhibition.

The androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) are steroid receptor transcription factors with critical roles in the development and progression of prostate and breast cancers. Advances in the understanding of mechanisms underlying the ligand-dependent activation of these transcription factors have contributed to the development of small molecule inhibitors that block AR and ERα actions.

Studies have demonstrated a close link between autophagy and bladder cancer. The androgen receptor (AR) has also been found to be closely involved in bladder cancer progression. Although androgen ablation and AR antagonism have been proposed as potential methods for bladder cancer therapy, the mechanisms underlying their effects remain poorly understood.

Although well characterized as a transcriptional activator that drives prostate cancer (PCa) growth, androgen receptor (AR) can function as a transcriptional repressor, and high-level androgens can suppress PCa proliferation.

The response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) or enfortumab vedotin is limited in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), and the development of new targeted therapy for UTUC is eagerly needed.

The androgen receptor (AR) plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer (PCa), and thus its regulation is an important tool in PCa therapy. Here, we report that CDK2-associated cullin 1 (CACUL1) directly associates with AR and suppresses AR transcriptional activity.

Allelic variants in genes implicated in the development of testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) could be present in patients with cryptorchidism (CO). Currently; the mechanisms explaining this relationship are still unknown.

Castration-resistant prostate cancer cells exhibit continued androgen receptor signaling in spite of low levels of ligand. Current therapies to block androgen receptor signaling act by inhibiting ligand production or binding.

Bladder urothelial carcinoma is increasing in incidence with age and its prognosis could become worse when accompanied with metastasis. Effective treatment of these advanced patients is required and it becomes important to understand its underlying biology of this neoplasm, especially with regard to its biological pathways.

Testicular germ cell tumour (TGCT) is a malignancy with a high heritable component. The inherited risk is polygenic, and around 50 susceptibility genes are identified. The functional role of the gene products for TGCT development is not well understood.

A slight decrease in blood testosterone level in men is a physiological state associated with the aging. The aim of our study was to evaluate the occurrence of hormone and metabolic disorders, as well as the immunolocalization and immunoexpression of androgen receptors (AR) and estrogen-alpha receptors (ERα) in the prostates of men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and coexisting testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS).

Deregulation of tumor suppressor genes is associated with tumorigenesis and the development of cancer. In prostate cancer, ID4 is epigenetically silenced and acts as a tumor suppressor. In normal prostate epithelial cells, ID4 collaborates with androgen receptor (AR) and p53 to exert its tumor suppressor activity.

Lobaplatin is the third-generation platinum drug that has been shown promising antitumor activity in preclinical studies and clinical trials for multiple human cancers except prostate cancer. In the present study, we investigated the role of lobaplatin on prostate cancer progression and the underlying molecular mechanism.

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is commonly given to men with prostate cancer. Both its benefits as well as its adverse effects are a direct consequence of sex steroid withdrawal. While ADT improves oncologic outcomes in appropriately selected men, it is associated with adverse effects, including accelerated bone loss leading to increased fracture risk, and with metabolically unfavorable body composition changes that predispose to diabetes and may increase cardiovascular risk.

High-risk localized prostate cancer (HRLPC) is associated with a substantial risk of recurrence and disease mortality. Recent clinical trials have shown that intensifying anti-androgen therapies administered before prostatectomy can induce pathologic complete responses or minimal residual disease, called exceptional response, although the molecular determinants of these clinical outcomes are largely unknown.

Seminal vesicles are important hormone-dependent accessory sex glands. Transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model has been used to evaluate malignant diseases in the prostate and in other sexual glands.

The aim of our study was to elucidate the role of polymorphisms in AR, CYP1B1, CYP19, and SRD5A2 genes for prostate cancer (PC) development in Bulgarian patients.

We genotyped 246 PC patients and 261 controls (155 with benign prostate hyperplasia and 107 healthy population controls) using direct sequencing, PCR-RFLP, SSCP, and fragment analysis.

Shh plays an important role in prostate cancer progression, but its correlation with GRP78 and AR is elusive.

The study included 539 patients in total, of which 443 had primary prostate carcinoma and 96 patients had benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common and fatal type of cancer in men. Metastatic PCa (mPCa) is a major factor contributing to its lethality, although the mechanisms remain poorly understood. PTEN is one of the most frequently deleted genes in mPCa.

Recent transcriptome studies using next-generation sequencing have detected aberrant changes in the expression of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) associated with cancer. For prostate cancer, the expression levels of ncRNAs including microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs are strongly associated with diagnosis, carcinogenesis and tumor growth.