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The Latest Research on Bladder Cancer

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Bladder Cancer Advances in 2020 and 2021

Ashish M. Kamat | February 03, 2021

Bladder cancer continues to afflict more than 80,000 patients in the United States and at least 550,000 persons globally.1,2 Although the scientific community could not meet in person last year due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this did not stop the ongoing exchange of ideas, research, and clinical trials. In this article, I highlight some of the most important advances in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and the key data to anticipate in 2021.

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Ashish Kamat

Ashish Kamat, MD, MBBS, is a Professor of Urology and Cancer Research and Wayne B. Duddleston Professor of Cancer Research at MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas. Dr. Kamat serves as President of International Bladder Cancer Group, (IBCG), and Co-President of International Bladder Cancer Network.

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Clinical Conversations by Experts
Everyday Urology - Oncology Insights
Publications focusing on urologic cancer treatments through original manuscripts
By Ashish M. Kamat
Published Date: October 2020

In 2020, approximately 81,000 cases of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder will be diagnosed in the United States, with nearly 18,000 associated deaths.1 Bladder cancer disproportionally affects men and is associated with well-defined environmental risk factors—tobacco use underlies approximately 50% of cases.2 Nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is primarily managed by transurethral resection, risk-stratified use of intravesical chemotherapeutic or immunotherapeutic agents, and close surveillance.
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By Ashish M. Kamat
Published Date: March 2019

The detection of recurrent tumor is a benchmark by which the success of intravesical agents is determined. Because the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) will now consider data from single-arm trials for patients with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-unresponsive bladder cancer, the complete response (CR) rates (i.e. absence of disease on biopsy) is a key factor that impacts the success of many registration studies.
By Ashish M. Kamat, MD, MBBS

Published Date: September 2018

More than 81,000 individuals are diagnosed with bladder cancer in the United States every year, of whom 75% have non-muscle invasive disease.1,2 Unfortunately, half these cases recur despite transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), and from 5% to 25% of repeated recurrences progress to muscle-invasive disease.3,4,5

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By Arjun Balar, MD
Published Date: March 2018

Until recently, decades had elapsed with little progress in treating metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC). Cisplatin-based chemotherapy, the best available treatment option, had a median overall survival (OS) of 12-15 months, an overall response rate (ORR) of 50-60%, and was curative in about 10% of cases, but also was associated with potentially serious toxicities.12, 13, 2, 7, 3 
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By Petros Grivas, MD, PhD
Published Date: September 2017

Urothelial cancer (UC), also known as transitional cell carcinoma, is the 5th most common cancer in the United States, and it arises more commonly in the bladder than in other parts of the urinary tract. An estimated 79,030 new cases of UC are expected in 2017. Of these cases, there will be about 12,240 deaths in men and 4630 in women.
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Expert Commentary
The State-of-the-Evidence in Brief Reviews by Experts
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Radiation therapy is commonly used for the definitive and palliative treatment of pelvic malignancies. Secondary pelvic cancers have been reported after radiation therapy, including radiation-associated muscle-invasive bladder cancer (RA-MIBC).
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
A subset of patients with advanced urothelial cancer (aUC) achieves durable responses to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), but the development of reliable biomarkers to identify these patients has proven challenging.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Radiation therapy is a cornerstone of bladder-sparing treatment regimens for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). However, a significant number of MIBCs are radioresistant. Components of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME)
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Imaging-based biomarker research is gaining momentum in oncology due to its non-invasive nature and the potential for monitoring tumor dynamics during treatment. The currently available biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Two key methods to preserve tumor tissues in biobanks are broadly adopted: formalin-fixation and paraffin-embedding (FFPE) and optimal cutting-temperature compound (OCT)- embedding and subsequent freezing, of the tissue specimens. Multiple proteins can be quantified simultaneously from the same sample using mass spectrometry (MS).
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancers (NMIBC) constitute the majority of bladder cancer diagnoses. NMIBCs are stratified based on the risk of progression to muscle-invasive disease into low, intermediate, and high-risk groups.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder is a rare tumor. It is common in the sixth and seventh decades of life and usually has aggressive behavior. Advanced presentation with or without lymph node metastases is common at the time of diagnosis.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Non-urothelial histologic variants of bladder cancer (non-UC), including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and neuroendocrine (NE) tumors, are rare, aggressive cancers. The genomic landscape of these tumors is heterogeneous, making a tailored therapy approach challenging.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Copy number variations (CNV) are key molecular events in the development of bladder cancer and have a prognostic value. Several studies characterized the CNVs in the genomic DNA from primary bladder tumors. However, little is known about how the CNV profiles of primary tumors compare to serum and lymph node (LN) metastasis.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
The molecular classification of muscle-invasive urothelial cancer (UC) using RNA sequencing (RNAseq) data has confirmed the existence of distinct intrinsic subtypes that vary in their prognosis and response to therapy. The molecular classifier BASE47 (Bladder cancer Analysis of Subtype by gene Expression) uses RNAseq
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Pembrolizumab is approved to treat patients with BCG unresponsive, high-risk, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) with carcinoma in situ (CIS) with or without papillary tumors who are ineligible for or have elected not to undergo cystectomy based on the results of the KEYNOTE-057 trial.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Gene expression profiling has successfully classified muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) tumors into distinct categories that differ in their genetic characteristics and tumor mutation burden (TMB). In addition to cancer-cell autonomous factors,
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Small cell carcinoma of the bladder (SCCB) is a rare, aggressive non-urothelial histologic variant of bladder cancer. Large-scale clinical data evaluating the various management approaches and outcomes are limited.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Recent trials investigated the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the neoadjuvant setting for cisplatin-ineligible patients. A recent single-arm trial of atezolizumab (two cycles) in cisplatin-ineligible patients showed a pathologic complete response (pCR) rate of 31%.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
A few bladder-sparing treatment options are available for BCG-unresponsive patients, including valrubicin and the recently FDA-approved pembrolizumab. However, additional treatment options that achieve a durable response are needed.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant changes in the healthcare system. Although it is expected that the diagnosis of cancer care may be delayed, the exact impact on the referral pattern of patients with urologic malignancies is unknown.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Bladder cancers (BC) are among tumor types with a high mutation load. Somatic mutations can encode mutant peptides that can be recognized by T-cells as neoantigens triggering an anti-tumor immune response. T cells can identify mutant epitopes when presented by human
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a soft tissue tumor that commonly occurs in childhood and adolescence. It is less prevalent in adulthood, accounting for 2%–5% of adult soft tissue tumors. RMS has a higher propensity to occur in genitourinary organs in adults than in pediatric patients.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is the preferred first-line for patients with metastatic urothelial cancer if they are cisplatin eligible. However, a significant proportion of these patients already receive cisplatin-based chemotherapy in the perioperative setting
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Understanding the biological characteristics that determine clinical outcomes of T1 bladder cancers can guide clinicians in making optimal therapeutic decisions. A recent study published by Robertson et al. in European Urology subcategorized the T1
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
The link between the urinary microbiome and bladder carcinogenesis is not well understood. A recent study published by Chipollini et al. in Urologic Oncology profiled the microbial communities in the urine of bladder cancer patients and non-cancer participants.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Bladder cancer affects 550,000 new cases every year. Understanding the gender-specific incidence and mortality patterns and trends of bladder cancer is critical for reducing the global impact of this disease.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common histology of bladder cancer. Histological variants (HV) of bladder cancer are less common but frequently more aggressive. A recent paper published by Takemoto et al.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Understanding the concordance rates for different biomarkers assays is critical for assessing their performance. A new study published by Brown et al. in Clinical Genitourinary Cancer evaluated
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common histologic variant of bladder cancer. These tumors have pure squamous histology in the absence of any in situ urothelial
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Treatment of patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) who are unable to receive intravesical with Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) remains a challenge.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
There is a need for an accurate tool that predicts the recurrence and progression of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). A recent study published by Hayashi et al.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma (MPUC) is a rare and aggressive histological variant of urinary bladder cancer. A recent study published by Jin et al. in Cancer Medicine investigated
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
The luminal-basal continuum of intrinsic messenger RNA (mRNA) expression-based subtypes is an important framework for understanding the biology of urothelial cancer. Differentiating between the two main molecular subtypes of bladder cancer
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
There is a need for accurate nomograms for predicting oncological outcomes in intermediate-risk non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients. Such accurate tools can be used to guide decision
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Treating patients who received immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) and experienced treatment-related toxicities, remains complicated due to the high risk of Immune-relate adverse events (
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Some histologic variants of urothelial cancer (UC) are associated with an aggressive clinical course. Understanding whether these variants respond differently to immune checkpoint inhibitors
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
An important study published by Sweis et al. in Cancer Immunology Research investigated the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the lack of immunotherapy efficacy in non-T cell-inflamed bladder cancer.
Written by Bishoy M. Falas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine
Early identification of bladder cancer (BC) is critical for improving clinical outcomes. Developing urine-based molecular biomarkers is an area of active research.
Written by Bishoy Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes result in changes in the expression of MMR proteins that can be detected by immunohistochemistry and high microsatellite instability (MSI).
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
The effect of restaging transurethral resection (Re-TUR) timing after initial transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) on survival rates is not well studied.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Urothelial carcinoma variants are rare and some are associated with poor clinical outcomes. The small-cell variant comprises less than 1% of all bladder cancers. These cancers are more aggressive
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
There is a need for a non-invasive for early detection of bladder cancer (BC). Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations are common in bladder cancer patients. A recent study by Hosen
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Radical cystectomy continues to be the mainstay curative modality for bladder cancer patients. Understanding the long-term clinical outcomes of robotic and open radical cystectomy is critical for decision making.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
The micropapillary and plasmacytoid variants are rare and aggressive urothelial carcinoma (UC) subtypes. The morphological features of these variants in urine cytology are not well described. A recent
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Effective intravesical postoperative chemotherapy can reduce the risk of bladder cancer recurrence. A recent study by Fukuokaya et al. published in Clinical Genitourinary Cancer examined
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
The relationship between the baseline quality of life (QOL) and clinical outcomes for urothelial cancer (UC) patients is not well defined. A recent study published by Suppanuntaroek et al.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
The optimal management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), some histologic variants, including squamous and glandular, is challenging. A recent article published by Suh et al. in Scientific Reports compared Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Understanding the demographic factors which affect clinical outcomes following radical cystectomy (RC) is critical for improving oncologic outcomes for all patients. A recent study published in European Urology Oncology examined intraoperative
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Sarcomatoid urothelial bladder cancer (SARC) is an aggressive histological variant of bladder cancer. It is associated with early distant metastasis and poor survival rates. Understanding the molecular characteristics of SARC
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) has a high recurrence rate. Understanding the risk factors for recurrence is essential. The Urokinase Plasminogen Activator (uPA)
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
The American Urological Association (AUA) recommends that non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients with persistent or recurrent Ta or CIS should receive a second induction course of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Treatment options available for intermediate or high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer include intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and radical cystectomy.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Point mutations in telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promotor are reported in invasive and noninvasive, primary and recurrent urothelial bladder cancer (UBC). A deeper understanding of the clinical correlates
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
The relationship between the expression of GATA3, cytokeratin (CK) 20, CK 5/6, and p53 and survival in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is not well characterized.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have incorporated patient-reported outcomes (PRO) to evaluate the effectiveness of new treatment modalities. Adhering to systematic and consistent
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Urine cytology plays an essential role in detecting patients who are at high risk for disease recurrence following non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) treatment. A recent study Gupta
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Urine cytology plays a critical role as a noninvasive tool in bladder cancer detection and surveillance. However, a substantial fraction of cytology tests is classified as atypical or indeterminate. A need for a minimally-invasive
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Radiotherapy has the potential to sensitize tumors to immune checkpoint blockade. A recent article published by Sundahl et al. in European Urology assessed
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Enfortumab Vedotin (EV) is a novel antibody-drug conjugate targeting Nectin-4, which is overexpressed in urothelial cancer. A recent study published by Takahashi et al. in Investigational New Drugs
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin shortage is a critical access issue for patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Defining the efficacy of alternative intravesical treatments is an active area of investigation.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Understanding differences in bladder cancer outcomes between men and women can help physicians tailor optimal treatment and follow-up strategies. A recent paper published by Richters et al. in Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations studied
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Patients with muscle-invasive and high-risk non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of bladder who undergo radical cystectomy (RC) and lymphadenectomy are closely monitored for recurrence. The risk of disease recurrence is highest during the first 
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
The oncogene addiction model occurs when cancer cells become dependent on one mutated oncogene or pathway for the maintenance of a malignant phenotype. Withdrawal of the oncogenic signal
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Carcinoma in situ (CIS) is a distinct pathological entity. The significance of histological variants associated with CIS is not well-understood. A recent paper published by Sangoi et al. in The American Journal of Surgical Pathology
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancers (NMIBC) represent the majority of new bladder cancer diagnoses. A high recurrence rate characterizes the natural history of the disease. Understanding the risk factors for recurrence
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
The use of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) as an early detection tool is a promising development. However, the clinical utility of ctDNA in urothelial bladder cancer is not fully understood.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
There is a broad spectrum of bladder cancer responsiveness to treatment in the clinic. The development of practical methods to provide accurate, individualized drug sensitivity information
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Detecting muscle-invasion is a critical step that dictates treatment recommendations. A definitive assessment of muscularis propria (MP) invasion cannot be made in a small number of transurethral resections of bladder tumor
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
High-resolution micro-ultrasound is a promising technology in the staging of prostate cancer but has not been well studied in bladder cancer patients. A recent paper published by Saita et al. European Urology evaluated the
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Defining the genomic landscapes that characterize the different disease states of urothelial carcinoma is an important area of investigation. A recent study by Nassar et al. recently published in Clinical Cancer
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
There is not enough data on the prognostic value of sarcopenia and nutritional indices in bladder cancer patients who receive definitive radiotherapy. A recent paper by Stangl-Kremser et al. in Urologic Oncology studied
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
A recent study published by Guo et al. in BMC Systems Biology investigated the relationship between AURKA expression, clinicopathologic characteristics and overall survival in patients with bladder cancer using sequential gene expression profiling.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Micropapillary (MP) is a histological variant of bladder cancer. As with most other histological variants of bladder cancer, the available data is derived from small case series and treatment is based on expert opinion.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Bladder cancer is a ‘field’ disease in which early-events occurring in morphologically-normal urothelium eventually give rise to urothelial carcinoma.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Chromosomal damage, breakage, loss, and rearrangement are early events in cancer initiations.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Frequent long-term monitoring is required for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients due to the high rate of recurrence.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Bladder cancer takes an enormous physical, emotional and economic toll on patients.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Primary carcinoma in situ (P-CIS) of the bladder is rare. Adjuvant intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy has been reported to be effective in reducing recurrence rates in CIS and P-CIS patients 
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Although hematuria is the most common symptoms of bladder cancer (BC), it can be caused by many non-malignant conditions.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Radical cystectomy (RC) is currently the gold standard operative treatment for localized (T2-T4a) muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) or recurrent high-risk non-MIBC.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
To achieve progress against Urinary bladder cancer (UBC), studies are needed to understand to understand the racial differences in the incidence, presentation, outcomes, and biology of UBC.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Due to the very high risk of recurrence, bladder cancer patients require periodic screening and monitoring.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) has a high recurrence rate. Although the BCG therapy is recommended as an immune targeting treatment in high-risk NMIBC tumors, 
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Currently, intermediate or high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients (NMIBC) require intensive follow-up.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a standard of care for patients with cisplatin-eligible muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Bladder preservation therapy is a definitive treatment option for clinically localized bladder cancer.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Clinically-localized bladder cancer is amenable to local treatments because of its accessibility.
Written by Bishoy M. Faltas, MD
Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine
Patients with advanced platinum-resistant urothelial carcinoma have limited therapeutic options.
Library Resources
The State-of-the-Evidence in Brief Reviews by Experts
Written by Christopher J.D. Wallis, MD, PhD, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA & Zachary Klaassen, MD, MSc, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
June 29, 2021
In 2021 in the United States, there will be approximately 83,730 new cases of bladder cancer (~64,280 men and 19,450 women), and approximately 17,200 deaths from bladder cancer (12,260 men and 4,940 women).
May 18, 2021
While the role of restaging transurethral resection (reTUR) for high-grade (HG) T1 bladder cancer has well-established diagnostic and therapeutic implications, and guidelines agree on the role of reTUR for HG T1 disease,1-3 this remains an area of discussion for HG Ta tumors. The AUA recommends reTUR for all ‘high-risk’ HG Ta tumors (multifocal, ≥3cm, concomitant carcinoma in situ [CIS], variant histology, lymphovascular invasion [LVI], prostatic urethral involvement);2 while the EAU guidelines reserve reTUR for patients without muscularis propria in the index tumor specimen.1
Written by Yair Lotan, Jonathan L Wright, and Angela B Smith
April 28, 2021
To address the importance of high-value care in the context of affordability and access, Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER) an organization whose mission is to conduct evidence-based reviews of health care interventions, independently reviews evidence, free from financial conflicts of interest, to understand an intervention’s ability to extend or improve life, a fair price based on clinical evidence, and how stakeholders can translate evidence into real-world insurance coverage to improve patient outcomes.
Written by Markus Eckstein, MD, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
February 3, 2021
It is profound that despite years of intensive therapeutic efforts, a staggering 50-60% of patients with muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer will have a local or distant disease recurrence within five years with only limited therapeutic options.
Written by Marco Bandini, and Andrea Necchi
August 13, 2020
Over the last few years, the landscape of bladder cancer (BC) management has profoundly changed, thanks to increased knowledge of disease biology and the identification of novel therapeutic approaches and biomarkers.1 No more than 5 years ago, the treatment-decision process for non muscle-invasive BC (NMIBC) or muscle-invasive BC (MIBC) was represented by radical surgery in most cases, with an opportunity for perioperative systemic therapy in a few cases. To date, the diagnostic and therapeutic armamentarium has been exceedingly enlarged for these patients.
Written by Christopher J.D. Wallis, MD, PhD and Zachary Klaassen, MD, MSc
April 20, 2020

The rapid spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2, throughout the world has had dramatic effects on healthcare systems with impacts far beyond the patients actually infected with COVID-19. Patients who manifest severe forms of COVID-19 requiring respiratory support typically require this for prolonged durations, 

Written by Vikram M. Narayan, Paul Hegarty, Gianluca Giannarini, Rick Bangs, Stephanie Chisolm, and Ashish M. Kamat
April 2, 2020
The ongoing pandemic involving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its resulting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Written by Catherine Ryan
March 22, 2020
A newly published systematic review and meta-analysis: Evidence-based Assessment of Current and Emerging Bladder-sparing Therapies for Non–muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer After Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis 
Written by Noah M. Hahn, MD
July 12, 2019
Recent years have seen an explosive rate of transformative advances in both pre-clinical and clinical urothelial carcinoma research.  With the public dissemination of comprehensive molecular data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) urothelial carcinoma cohort,
Written by Ashish Kamat, MD, MBBS
July 12, 2019
For those of us who take care of patients with the sixth most common malignancy in the United States and the seventh most common cause of cancer-related death,1 it was disheartening that, as recently as 2015, patients with advanced bladder cancer had no effective alternatives to cisplatinum-based chemotherapy, a status quo that had persisted for three decades.2
Written by Justin T. Matulay, MD, and Ashish Kamat, MD, MBBS
April 16, 2019
Bladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract and second only to the prostate in the entire genitourinary system. The most updated available global estimate, based on registry data collected through the year 2012,
Written by Roger Li, MD and Ashish Kamat, MD, MBBS
April 16, 2019
In the previous sections, we have covered Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Pathology of Bladder Cancers. As noted, most patients present at a potentially curative stage non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Although NMIBC can generally be managed...
Written by Justin T. Matulay, MD and Ashish Kamat, MD, MBBS
April 16, 2019
There are no reliable screening tests available for detecting bladder cancer; hence the diagnosis is usually made based on clinical signs and symptoms. Painless hematuria – microscopic or gross – is the most common presentation...
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Conference Highlights from Recent Conference Coverage
Presented by Michiel S. Van Der Heijden, PhD, Seth Lerner, MD, FACS, and Thomas Powles, MD, MBBS, MRCP
In this rapid-fire debate, the focus is on the management of retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy that has a partial response to platinum-based chemotherapy. Dr. Seth Lerner argues for surgical consolidation, while Dr. Thomas Powles argues for systemic therapy.
Presented by Joan Palou, MD, and J. Alfred Witjes, MD, Ph.D
In this rapid fire debate, the focus is on the management of HG T1 bladder cancer with concurrent CIS. Dr. Palou argues for intravesical therapy while Dr. Witjes argues for upfront radical cystectomy.
Presented by Peter Black, MD, and Hugh Mostafid, FRCS (Urol), FEBU, and Jens Bedke, MD
In this rapid-fire debate, Dr. Peter Black reintroduces the classic debate of ileal conduit or content diversion in an unselected patients with normal kidney function. Dr. Hugh Mostafid of the United Kingdom argues for ileal conduit, while Dr. Jens Bedke of Germany argues for continent diversion.
Presented by Anne K. Schuckman, MD
The optimizing personalized management of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer session at the 2021 American Society of Clinical Oncology Genitourinary Cancers Symposium (ASCO GU) included a presentation from Dr. Anne Schuckman discussing which patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer may benefit from radical cystectomy.
Presented by Sima Porten, MD, MPH
The plenary session of the last day of the 2020 Annual Meeting of the Society of Urologic Oncology (SUO) began with a panel discussion stepping through the case of a patient with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Dr. Sima Porten, the moderator, introduced the case: a 60-year-old otherwise healthy male
Presented by Max Kates, MD

There have been several recent single-arm trials in the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) setting. The first question that arises is whether these single-arm trials are enough or do we need to randomize patients for our future trials.

Presented by Ashish M. Kamat, MD, MBBS
The Society of Urologic Oncology (SUO) 2020 virtual meeting featured a session examining the new and emerging agents in bladder cancer chaired by Dr. Neal Shore, which included a presentation by Dr. Ashish Kamat discussing the evolving role of checkpoint inhibition in nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).
Presented by Peter Black, MD, FACS, FRCSC
In an oral presentation in the Refining the Treatment of Bladder Cancer session at the 12th European Multidisciplinary Congress on Urological Cancers (EMUC), Dr. Peter Black examined the question of whether molecular subtyping of bladder cancer is useful.
Presented by J. Alfred Witjes, MD, PhD
J. Alfred Witjes, MD, PhD, began his talk explaining that he believes cystoscopy is still needed in the primary diagnosis of bladder tumors. Cystoscopy gives important information regarding multiplicity, size, stage, the grade of bladder tumors, and OR planning.
Presented by Peter Black, MD, FACS, FRCSC
Peter Black, MD, FACS, FRCSC, gave a nice overview of the current and future treatment options for non- muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients. To date, there are generally three different options for intravesical treatment: Single-dose chemotherapy, BCG or chemotherapy induction therapy and maintenance, and device-assisted.
Presented by Anne Schuckman, MD
At the American Urological Association (AUA) 2020 Virtual annual meeting, Dr. Anne Schuckman discussed blue light cystoscopy for bladder cancer and several of her tips and tricks. Dr. Schuckman notes that there are over 75,000 new bladder cancer diagnoses per year, leading to more than 15,000 deaths. The prevalence of bladder cancer is >550,000 cases, making it the highest per capita treatment cost due to recurrent disease and multiple recurrences.
Presented by Thomas Powles, MBBS, MRCP, MD
Advanced urothelial carcinoma resulted in over 200,000 deaths across the world in 2018. Though the majority of patients eligible for such therapy respond to platinum-based chemotherapy, disease progression occurs relatively quickly and half or less of patients receive second line treatment.
Presented by Arjun V. Balar, MD
Patients with nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer are at high risk of recurrence and progression. In particular, patients with high-grade disease and those with carcinoma in situ are at notably elevated risk.
Presented by Stephen A. Boorjian, MD
San Francisco, California (UroToday.com) For patients with BCG unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, the standard of care for patients who are operative candidates is radical cystectomy. However, not all patients may be cystectomy candidates, often for a multitude of reasons, including coexisting comorbidities as well as personal considerations and quality of life.1
Presented by Timothy Clinton, MD
Washington, DC (UroToday.com)  On the final day of the Society of Urologic Oncology Meeting (SUO 2019), the six best abstracts submitted were selected for presentation.
Presented by Colin Dinney, MD
Washington, DC (UroToday.com) During the bladder cancer session at the Society of Urologic Oncology Meeting on Thursday, December 5th, Dr. Colin Dinney presented the results of a phase III clinical trial for Adstiladrin® (rAd-INFa/syn3) in BCG unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.
Presented by Rodolfo Hurle, MD
Athens, Greece (Urotoday.com) Oncofid-P-B is a conjugate of paclitaxel and Hyaluronic acid (HA) for the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) by intravesical instillation.
Presented by Badrinath Konety, MD, MBA
Athens, Greece (Urotoday.com) Dr. Badrinath Konety presented on intravesical therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). The current risk-based therapy entails:
Presented by Charles C. Guo, MD
Aarhus, Denmark (UroToday.com) Dr. Charles Guo from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center presented data investigating immunohistochemical markers
Presented by Madhuri Koti, DVM, MVSc, PhD
Aarhus, Denmark (UroToday.com) Dr. Madhuri Koti of Queen’s University in Kingston, Canada presented data investigating the synergistic potential of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)
Presented by Enrique Grande, MD
Barcelona, Spain (UroToday.com) Cisplatin based chemotherapy has been the standard of care first line therapy for metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) for several decades.
Presented by Christopher J. Hoimes, DO
Barcelona, Spain (UroToday.com)  Enfortumab vedotin is an antibody-drug conjugate comprised of the nectin-4 antibody enfortumab coupled to the microtubule
Presented by Thomas Powles, MBBS
Barcelona, Spain (UroToday.com) Durvalumab is a PD-L1 inhibitor with efficacy in platinum-refractory advanced urothelial cancer and approved by the FDA
Presented by Axel S. Merseburger, MD
Barcelona, Spain (UroToday.com) Dr. Axel Merseburger presented the preliminary results of the Safety of Atezolizumab in locally advanced or metastatic UrotheliaL and non-urothelial carcinoma of the urinary tract (SAUL) study at the EAU 2019 Breaking News Session.
Presented by Ricardo Leão, MD
Barcelona, Spain (UroToday.com) Up to 3/4 of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients will endure recurrence during their lifetime. Disease follow up is invasive, costly and long and consists of cystoscopy, cytology, and imaging. The most prevalent non-invasive approach for the diagnosis of recurrence remains urinary cytology,
Presented by Yair Lotan, MD
Barcelona, Spain (UroToday.com) At the urogenital cancer treatment session, Dr. Yair Lotan discussed the impact of blue light flexible cystoscopy and utilization in the clinic setting. Dr. Lotan notes that there are several unmet medical needs with regards to non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). First, it is associated with a high risk of recurrence, with up to 61% of patients recurring in the first year, and up to 78% within 5 years.
Presented by Arlene O. Siefker-Radtke, MD
San Francisco, CA (UroToday.com) Immune checkpoint inhibitors are approved both in the first line and second line for patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma. In the first line, KEYNOTE 052 showed that pembrolizumab as significant anti-tumor activity for cisplatin ineligible patients with UC1, for a 38% objective response rate for patients with a combined positive score of 10% or more (PD-L1 positive).
Presented by Scott T. Tagawa, MD, MS
San Francisco, CA (UroToday.com) Sacituzumab govitecan (SG) is a humanized antibody-drug conjugate, made from anti-Trop-2 monoclonal antibody linked with SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan.1 Trop-2 is transmembrane glycoprotein encoded by the Tacstd2 gene, and is differentially expressed in a wide range of tumor types, including gastric, pancreatic, triple-negative breast, colonic, prostate, and lung cancer.2
Presented by Yair Lotan, MD
San Francisco, CA (UroToday.com) Dr. Yair Lotan presented on Genomic Insights and Biomarkers for Treatment Selection in Muscle-Invasive and Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. He discussed the role of markers in bladder cancer and how they add independent information that can impact patient care.
Presented by Ananya Choudhury, MA, Ph.D., MRCP, FRCR
San Francisco, CA (UroToday.com) In this case panel discussion, 3 patient cases were reviewed highlighting important points in the management of bladder cancer. The text below includes a summary of each case presented and key points made by the panelists. The cases detail patients with small cell bladder cancer, upper tract urothelial carcinoma and recurrent NMIBC, respectively. 
Presented by Robert A. Huddart
Toronto, Ontario (UroToday.com) In this discussion, the topic of bladder preservation was presented by Dr. Huddart from the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust in the United Kingdom. Muscle invasive bladder cancer, after diagnosis using TURBT, is usually treated with radical cystectomy with the option of neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery.
Presented by Joaquim Bellmunt, MD
Toronto, Ontario (UroToday.com) In this discussion, Dr. Bellmunt presented the standard of care in second-line management of advanced bladder cancer and gave an update on targeted therapies. He also discussed some of the phase 2 and phase 3 trials with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, and associated biomarkers.
Presented by Jeff Holzbeierlein, MD, FACS
San Francisco, CA (UroToday.com)  Dr. Holzbeierlein began his discussion on the new muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) guidelines,1 a collaborative multi-disciplinary effort led by Dr. Sam Chang that involved input from all the major organizations, including AUA, ASCO, ASTRO, and patient advocates.