Safety and oncological outcome of early intraoperative intravesicle mitomycin C vs. deferred instillation in patients receiving robot-assisted radical nephroureterectomy.
Radical nephroureterectomy with concurrent bladder cuff excision (RNUBCE) is the gold standard surgical approach for high-risk primary upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Given the notably high incidence of bladder tumor recurrence following this procedure, this study aimed to evaluate the effect and safety of intraoperative mitomycin-C (MMC) instillation vs.