Urological Cancer Articles

Adult granulosa cell tumours are extremely rare and usually benign but sometimes can assume an aggressive behaviour. A 31-year-old man presented with a 45 mm testicular mass. Radical orchiectomy was performed.

Germ cell tumours (GCT) are the most common testicular neoplasms, seen mainly in young adults. Rarely they can affect extragonadal tissues, either as primary tumours or as metastases, most commonly to retroperitoneal lymph nodes.

A 43-year-old woman and a 73-year-old man were referred separately from primary care to the urology service with short histories of frank haematuria. In both cases, histology from transurethral resection of their bladder tumours demonstrated the rare clear cell variant of urothelial/transitional cell carcinoma.

Haematuria in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a very common manifestation. The cause of haematuria is often benign with the most common cause being haemorrhage within the renal cyst.

Bladder and kidney cancer are the 10th and 7th most common cancers in the United Kingdom (UK). They present with symptoms that are typically investigated via the same diagnostic pathway. However, diagnosing these cancers can be challenging, especially for kidney cancer, as many of the symptoms are non-specific and occur commonly in patients without cancer.

A wide variety of cytotoxic medications cause interstitial lung disease (ILD). For the first time, we describe ILD in an 82-year-old woman with muscle invasive bladder cancer 10 days after receiving cetuximab as part of a novel trial.

Leukemoid reaction is a paraneoplastic phenomenon associated predominantly with solid tumours. Malignancies presenting with leukemoid reaction have a grave prognosis. It is defined as persistent neutrophil count greater than 50×103 cells/µL.

A 78-year-old man was treated with laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for a 4 cm tumour in the lower pole of the left kidney. The patient was discharged 2 days postoperatively. Preoperatively there was no sign of metastasis; the pathology indicated complete removal of the tumour, a renal cell carcinoma.

Urological malignancies, represented mainly by prostate, bladder, and renal cancers, are some of the leading causes of cancer-related mortalities worldwide. Despite various efforts over decades to develop early detection tests and effective therapeutic paradigms, the response rate to the existing treatments remains low for both primary and late stage/recurrent phases of these cancers.

Prostate cancer (PC) is a polygenic disease with multiple gene interactions. Therefore, a detailed analysis of its epidemiology and evaluation of risk factors can help to identify more accurate predictors of aggressive disease.

We prospectively validate the efficacy of the frailty discriminant score (FDS) in individuals with urological cancers, as there has been growing importance in evaluating frailty in clinical practice.

Urological cancers are a very common type of cancer worldwide and have alarming high incidence and mortality rates, especially in kidney cancers, illustrate the urgent need for new therapeutic targets.

We report the clinical presentation, histological findings and management of a 49-year-old female patient with non-muscle-invasive clear cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. In the literature, there are only seven such case reports.

There are few studies examining retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) for testicular cancer in Australia. This study examines the perioperative outcomes, complications and survival rates following RPLND, by a high volume, single surgeon.

We describe the case of a man with chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (chRCC) and numerous metastatic lesions restricted to the liver. Despite extensive courses of various systemic targeted chemotherapies, progressive disease was noted on CT and MRI and the patient suffered from persistent abdominal pain associated with his metastatic lesions.

Primary clear-cell urothelial carcinoma (CCUC) is an uncommon type of urothelial cancer with only 16 cases reported in published literature. Due to the rarity of the tumour, its clinical and prognostic values have not been clearly understood.

Primary renal angiosarcoma is an exceedingly rare and aggressive neoplasm. Although it may occur in youth, this tumour is frequently reported in the sixth and seventh decades of life. The clinical presentation is frequently varied.

An older male patient with a history of tachycardia treated with atenolol presented to an outside hospital on 22 February 2017 with acute right flank pain. He had a CT scan which revealed a large right renal mass with acute haemorrhage.

Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (SCCB) is an extremely rare but aggressive tumour constituting less than 0.7% of all urinary bladder tumours. It is often misdiagnosed as transitional cell carcinoma, owing to the similarities in presentation.

We report the first case of a synchronous ipsilateral primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET) and clear cell renal cell carcinoma of the kidney. A 37-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a 24-hour history of colicky abdominal pain and visible haematuria.

Pazopanib is multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Hair colour change is a common side effect of pazopanib therapy which usually develops gradually during few months of therapy.

Despite advances and introduction of new therapies in the last decade, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) has a poor prognosis. The development of androgen axis-targeted therapies such as abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide and darolutamide can prolong survival in mCPRC; however, resistance remains a barrier to prolonged response, necessitating exploration into resistance mechanisms and locoregional therapies.

Capillary haemangiomas are relatively common tumours, typically occurring in the subcutaneous tissue during childhood. However, visceral occurrence is very rare. These tumours make up a subset of vascular lesions that have previously, although rarely, been described in case reports in association with the kidney.

Metastasis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) to the head and neck region is rare. We report the case of a 65-year-old man with history of RCC, presented 7 years after nephrectomy, adrenalectomy and lung metastasectomy for his primary tumour, with symptoms of nasal obstruction, postnasal drip, productive cough and pressure sensation in the left maxillary sinus.

The most common malignancy in young men is a germ cell tumour of the testes. Metastatic renal disease is relatively uncommon and usually manifests in the retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Visceral metastases to the liver, and metastases to the lungs and the brain are more common.

Introduction: As the medical field is moving towards personalized and tailored approaches, we entered the era of precision surgery for the management of genitourinary cancers1. This is facilitated by the implementation of new technologies, among which robotic surgery stands out for the significant impact in the surgical field over the last two decades.

A 35-year-old man presented with a history of cough, haemoptysis, weight loss for 2 months along with ulceroproliferative lesions on the chin and the scalp. On evaluation he was found to have non-seminomatous germ cell tumour, stage 3 c, poor risk with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status of 4.

Fistulae of the upper urinary tract with the alimentary tract are rare. Most cases of renoalimentary fistulae are secondary to penetrating trauma, which may be iatrogenic or due to locally invasive benign infective processes or complicated nephrolithiasis, or following surgical procedures.

Penile squamous cell carcinoma (pSCC) is a relatively rare disease in Western world but is a significant health problem in developing countries like India. We report here a case of successful multimodality management of recurrent pSCC with pelvic lymphadenopathy in a 56-year-old male patient with poorly controlled diabetes.

Two male patients, aged 55 and 75 years, were referred to the ENT and haematology team respectively, with an asymptomatic left supraclavicular neck mass. Investigations revealed metastatic primary testicular seminoma.

This is a case of a young 34-year-old man who had symptomatic hyperthyroidism from an extremely high serum beta HCG level in the setting of a metastatic stage IIIC mixed germ cell tumour. The patient's thyroid function normalised with treatment of the cancer as the beta HCG levels declined.

Castleman's disease is a rare non-clonal lymphoproliferative disorder and known to be associated with a number of disorders such as polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal protein and skin changes syndrome, Kaposi sarcoma, paraneoplastic pemphigus and plasma cell dyscrasias.

In patients with advanced and metastatic urological cancers, clinical outcome may be improved by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).

To systematically review relevant literature on efficacy and safety of ICIs in patients with advanced and metastatic urothelial cell cancer (UCC), renal cell cancer (RCC), and prostate cancer.

While obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and urological cancer are both strongly associated with hypoxia, controversy exists regarding their association with each other. This study aims to summarize and synthesize evidence to clarify the association between OSA and urological cancer incidence and mortality.

To test the effect of urological primary cancers (bladder, kidney, testis, upper tract, penile, urethral) on overall mortality (OM) after secondary prostate cancer (PCa).

Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database, patients with urological primary cancers and concomitant secondary PCa (diagnosed 2004-2016) were identified and were matched in 1:4 fashion with primary PCa controls.

With the advent of high-throughput genome analysis, we are increasingly able to sequence and hence understand the pathogenic processes underlying individual cancers. Recently, consortiums such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) have performed large-scale projects to this end, providing significant amounts of information regarding the genetic landscapes of several cancers.

Ongoing research in the field of both localized, locally advanced and metastatic renal cell carcinoma has resulted in the availability of multiple treatment options. Hence, many questions are still unanswered and await further research.

NICE have recently published an updated guideline for secondary care cancer referrals (Suspected cancer: recognition and referral NG12 (1)) which updates the CG27 (2005) Referral guidelines for suspected cancer (2).

There is currently limited literature assessing the real-world treatment patterns and clinical outcomes of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and homologous recombination repair (HRR) mutations.

Integrated positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG) has emerged as a powerful tool for the combined metabolic and anatomic evaluation of many cancers.

We report a case of a 65-year-old patient with muscle invasive bladder cancer that was treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, followed by radical cystoprostatectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection and orthotopic neobladder according to Hautmann.

Bladder urothelial papilloma is extremely rare in the paediatric population. It usually presents as painless gross haematuria and its diagnosis implies a high index of suspicion as other causes of haematuria predominate in this age range.

Dermoid cysts are benign developmental lesions consisting of tissues of more than one germ cell lineage origin. The urinary bladder is a very rare location of dermoid cysts. We report a case of an 18-year-old woman who presented with suprapubic pain, dysuria and turbid urine.