Sacral Agenesis Articles

Caudal regression syndrome (CRS) is a malformation occurring during the fetal period and mainly characterized by an incomplete development of the spinal cord (SC), which is often accompanied by other developmental anomalies.

Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) has been used off-label in the United States for over a decade in the pediatric population. Many published studies have demonstrated efficacy with SNM in this population, however, a significant number of children with refractory bowel bladder dysfunction (BBD) also have underlying co-morbidities.