Individualized Treatment Articles

Advanced and metastatic stages of bladder cancer are associated with a poor prognosis. Therapy options are currently limited to systemic therapy with chemo- and immunotherapeutics. In order to improve individual therapy and especially to achieve a more favorable prognosis for these patients, intrinsic molecular subtypes have recently been identified in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.

Positron emission tomography (PET) allows a monitoring and recording of the spatial and temporal distribution of molecular/cellular processes for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The aim of this review is to describe the current applications and to explore the role of PET in prostate cancer management, mainly in the radiation therapy (RT) scenario.

Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood can serve as a "liquid biopsy" approach and as a source of valuable tumor markers. CTCs are rare, and thus their detection, enumeration and molecular characterization are very challenging.