To address the shortcomings of digital rectal examinations (DRE), serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS) for precise determination of prostate cancer (PC) and differentiation from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), we applied (1) H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as a surrogate tactic for probing and prediction of PC and BPH.
The study comprises 210 filtered sera from suspected PC, BPH, and a healthy subjects' cohort (HC). The filtered serum approach delineates to identify and quantify 52 metabolites using (1) H NMR spectroscopy. All subjects had undergone clinical evaluations (DRE, PSA, and TRUS) followed by biopsy for Gleason score, if needed. NMR-measured metabolites and clinical evaluation data were examined separately using linear multivariate discriminant function analysis (DFA) to probe the signature descriptors for each cohort.
DFA indicated that glycine, sarcosine, alanine, creatine, xanthine, and hypoxanthine were able to determine abnormal prostate (BPH + PC). DFA-based classification presented high precision (86.2% by NMR and 68.1% by clinical laboratory method) in discriminating HC from BPH + PC. DFA reveals that alanine, sarcosine, creatinine, glycine, and citrate were able to discriminate PC from BPH. DFA-based categorization exhibited high accuracy (88.3% by NMR and 75.2% by clinical laboratory method) to differentiate PC from BPH.
(1) H NMR-based metabolic profiling of filtered-serum sample appears to be assuring, swift, and least-invasive for probing and prediction of PC and BPH with its signature metabolic profile. This novel technique is not only on a par with histopathological evaluation of PC determination but is also comparable to liquid chromatography-based mass spectrometry to identify the metabolites. Prostate © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Prostate. 2016 May 16 [Epub ahead of print]
Deepak Kumar, Ashish Gupta, Anil Mandhani, Satya Narain Sankhwar
Department of Metabolomics, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow, India., Department of Metabolomics, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow, India., Department of Urology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India., Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.