We aimed to examine the global disease burden and trends of prostate cancer incidence and mortality by age, and their associations with gross domestic product (GDP), human development index (HDI), smoking, and alcohol drinking.
We retrieved the Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN) database for the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in 2020; the World Bank for GDP per capita; the United Nations for HDI; the WHO Global Health Observatory for prevalence of smoking and alcohol drinking; the Cancer Incidence in 5 Continents (CI5), WHO mortality database, for trend analysis. We presented the prostate cancer incidence and mortality using age-standardized rates. We examined their associations with GDP, HDI, smoking, and alcohol drinking by Spearman's correlations and multivariable regression. We estimated the 10-year trend of incidence and mortality by joinpoint regression analysis with average annual percent change with 95% confidence intervals in different age groups.
A wide variation in the burden of prostate cancer with the highest mortality found in low-income countries while the highest incidence was observed in high-income countries. We found moderate to high positive correlations for GDP, HDI, and alcohol drinking with prostate cancer incidence, whilst a low negative correlation was observed for smoking. Globally, there was an increasing incidence but decreasing mortality of prostate cancer, and such trends were particularly prominent in Europe. Notably, the incidence increase was also found in the younger population aged <50 years.
There was a global variation in the burden of prostate cancer associated with GDP, HDI, smoking, and alcohol drinking.
Clinical genitourinary cancer. 2023 Feb 15 [Epub ahead of print]
Junjie Huang, Erica On-Ting Chan, Xianjing Liu, Veeleah Lok, Chun Ho Ngai, Lin Zhang, Wanghong Xu, Zhi-Jie Zheng, Peter Ka-Fung Chiu, Nikhil Vasdev, Dmitry Enikeev, Shahrokh F Shariat, Chi-Fai Ng, Jeremy Yuen-Chun Teoh, Martin C S Wong
Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China., S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China., Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands., Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden., Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China., School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Peking Union Medical College and The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Centre of Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia., Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China., Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China., S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; European Association of Urology - Young Academic Urologists (EAU-YAU), Arnhem, The Netherlands., Department of Urology, Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Urological Cancer Centre, Lister Hospital Stevenage, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom., Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia., Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX; Division of Urology, Department of Special Surgery, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Department of Urology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic., S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; European Association of Urology - Young Academic Urologists (EAU-YAU), Arnhem, The Netherlands; Office of Global Engagement, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. Electronic address: ., Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Peking Union Medical College and The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China. Electronic address: .