The 2018 US Preventive Services Task Force guidelines recommend individualizing prostate cancer screening in 55- to 69-year-old men. Given the higher incidence of prostate cancer in African American (AA) compared to non-Hispanic White (NHW) men, this study compared reported rates of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening hypothesizing that it would not be commensurate with the relative risk between these two groups.
Using the 2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we identified 43,685 men (40,301 NHW and 3384 AA) interviewed about PSA screening.
AA men had an odds ratio (OR) of 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69-0.93; p = .004) of reporting PSA screening; sequentially correcting for access to care, smoking, and age had minimal effect on this finding, but when correcting for income significantly attenuated this difference (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.81-1.12). Further adding education level eliminated the effect size of AA race entirely with OR, 0.99 (95% CI, 0.84-1.17; p = .91). Further analysis found significant interaction between education and race, with college-educated AA men having 1.42 OR of receiving screening compared to college-educated NHW men.
Despite prostate cancer being more common and having higher population-level mortality in AA than NHW men, PSA screening and education patterns do not reflect this increased risk even when adjusting for health access disparities. The authors' findings of significant effect from both income and education suggest that systemic racism is an important factor in the observed difference in PSA screening between AA men and NHW men.
In the United States, prostate cancer is more common in African American men New guidelines from 2018 encourage physicians to consider risk factors in deciding whether or not to recommend screening, but overall African American men continue to be screened at a lower rate than non-Hispanic White men This effect disappears when correcting for income and education level, suggesting that several factors including systemic racism, medical mistrust, and self-advocacy may impact this observed difference.
Cancer. 2022 Nov 07 [Epub ahead of print]
Paul Riviere, Sandhya Kalavacherla, Matthew P Banegas, Juan Javier-Desloges, Maria Elena Martinez, Isla P Garraway, James D Murphy, Brent S Rose
Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA., Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA., Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, La Jolla, California, USA., Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.