Neoadjuvant chemotherapy improves survival in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, a significant proportion of patients are ineligible for cisplatin owing to renal impairment or other medical comorbidities. The introduction of anti-programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1(PD1/PD-L1) checkpoint inhibitors has redefined the therapeutic landscape for platinum-resistant urothelial cancers; their clinical efficacy and favorable toxicity render these agents attractive therapeutic options either as monotherapy or in combination with other agents in earlier disease states, including muscle-invasive disease. We review potential perioperative immunotherapy strategies, ongoing clinical trials and areas of unmet needs, including upper tract disease and non-urothelial cancers.
The Urologic clinics of North America. 2018 May [Epub]
Min Yuen Teo, Jonathan E Rosenberg
Department of Medicine, Genitourinary Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA., Department of Medicine, Genitourinary Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA. Electronic address: .