Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) remains incurable despite advances with immune checkpoint inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Metabolic interventions, such as the ketogenic diet (KD), may modulate tumor biology and systemic inflammation, yet clinical evidence in mRCC is limited.
To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and tolerability of KD combined with systemic therapy in mRCC patients.
CETOREIN was a non-randomized, single-center pilot study enrolling 21 adult mRCC patients initiating systemic therapy. KD was initiated concurrently with treatment for up to 12 months, with follow-up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months.
Participants followed a 2:1 KD (≈80% fat, 20% protein + carbohydrates) with dietitian-led counseling, medium-chain triglyceride supplementation, food diaries, and ketonuria monitoring.
The primary endpoint was feasibility, defined by diet-related adverse events. Secondary endpoints included adherence, metabolic parameters, and exploratory clinical outcomes (response rate, progression-free survival [PFS], overall survival [OS]). All efficacy-related outcomes were descriptive and exploratory only.
Eight patients (40%) completed 12 months on KD, with a mean duration of 7 months. Common diet-related toxicities were diarrhea (55%), weight loss (45%), hypercholesterolemia (40%), and dyspepsia (30%), with no severe events. Early weight loss was modest and transient. Ketonuria correlated with dietary records, confirming adherence. Median PFS was 9.5 months, and median OS was 39 months. Among four patients undergoing cytoreductive nephrectomy, exploratory paired PD-L1 analyses showed decreased expression in three cases; however, these observations are hypothesis-generating only and cannot be attributed to the ketogenic diet.
KD is feasible and demonstrated an acceptable tolerability profile in selected mRCC patients, though long-term adherence is challenging. No conclusions regarding antitumor efficacy can be drawn from this small non-randomized pilot study. Future studies should evaluate shorter interventions and optimized dietary protocols in larger randomized trials.
Nutrients. 2026 May 27*** epublish ***
Cyrielle Rolley, Merzouka Zidane, Cosmina Nedelcu, Magalie Barth, Patrick Saulnier, Vincent Procaccio, Pierre Bigot
Department of Urology, Angers University Hospital, 49333 Angers, France., Department of Pathology, Angers University Hospital, 49333 Angers, France., Department of Radiology, Angers University Hospital, 49333 Angers, France., Department of Genetics, Angers University Hospital, 49333 Angers, France., Department of Statistics, Angers University Hospital, 49333 Angers, France.