Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-refractory high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer remains a challenging problem. Radical cystectomy is standard of care, but carries significant morbidity. Therefore, there is a need for effective treatments. Previous salvage intravesical therapies have had disappointing results with long-term follow-up; however, a wide array of novel agents is currently under investigation. These include novel combinations of existing intravesical agents, novel modes of delivery such as hyperthermia, viral mediated therapies, and immunotherapy. We review the need for novel treatment with existing agents and their long-term results, and discuss novel intravesical therapies and the data currently available on these therapies.
The Urologic clinics of North America. 2020 Feb [Epub]
Dunia Khaled, John Taylor, Jeffrey Holzbeierlein
Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Mail Stop 3016, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA., Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA., Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Mail Stop 3016, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. Electronic address: .