Tibial nerve stimulation (TNS) has emerged as a promising therapeutic modality for overactive bladder (OAB). While the majority of existing research has concentrated on advancements in device technology or modifications in stimulation techniques, the specific stimulation parameters ("frequency", "threshold", "pulse width", "waveform") of TNS have not yet been comprehensively explored. This review aims to explore the stimulation parameters of TNS through retrospective analysis of clinical trials and animal experimental studies.
A literature search was performed in PubMed on July 31, 2025. The initial screening of the studies was conducted by reviewing the titles and abstracts to identify relevant studies. Inclusion and exclusion criteria based on parameters such as stimulation frequency, intensity, pulse width (PW), and waveform (WF) of the tibial nerve. Ultimately, we reviewed 44 articles that met the criteria.
The stimulation parameters include frequency, intensity, PW, WF, etc. However, the stimulation parameters have not yet been standardized. We summarized the influence of different stimulation parameters on therapeutic effects and explored the significance of parameter changes for the clinical application of TNS.
TNS, as a promising treatment option for OAB, has broad clinical application prospects. By optimizing treatment parameters, it is expected to provide more effective and safer treatment options for patients with OAB.
Translational andrology and urology. 2026 Feb 11 [Epub]
Dongsheng Shang, Han Deng, Chen Li, Ziyu Wang, Linquan Jin, Xing Li
Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China., Department of Urology, Rehabilitation School of Capital Medical University, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.