High-flow priapism (HFP) is a rare urological condition, often secondary to genitoperineal trauma, resulting in arterio-cavernosal fistulas. Superselective arterial embolization is the preferred treatment when conservative management fails, but long-term data on erectile function (EF) outcomes remain limited.
To evaluate long-term EF outcomes in patients with HFP undergoing embolization and to identify predictors of EF impairment at follow-up.
Data from 41 patients with HFP admitted to six tertiary referral centers (2002- 2024) were analyzed. Diagnosis was confirmed using penile Doppler ultrasound, blood gas analysis, and selective pudendal arteriography. Embolization was performed using absorbable or non-absorbable agents. EF was evaluated pre- and post-embolization using the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) and the Erection Hardness Score questionnaires. Logistic and linear regression models were used to assess predictors of EF at follow-up.
Primary outcome was long-term erectile function, including the need for pharmacological or device-assisted EF. Secondary outcomes included patient satisfaction and associations with clinical and procedural variables.
Median (interquartile range) age was 35 (27-44) years, and the pre-embolization IIEF-5 was 25 (24-25). Non-absorbable embolic agents were used in 35 (85.4%) patients. Median follow-up was 44 (12-80) months. At follow-up, the median IIEF-5 score was 21 (18-24), with a median decrease of -4 (-6-1) points from baseline. Severe ED occurred in only 2.4% of patients; however, 46.3% had assisted EF (phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, nutraceuticals, low-intensity shock wave therapy, or vacuum devices). Patients with assisted EF at follow up had higher baseline Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and lower IIEF-5 scores than those with unassisted EF (all P < 0.03). Lower CCI, and higher baseline IIEF-emerged as predictors of IIEF-5 scores at follow-up, after accounting for age. Higher CCI was the only predictor of assisted EF at follow-up. No significant associations were found with embolization technique and EF.
Baseline EF and comorbidity burden may help identify patients at risk for EF worsening and assisted EF post-embolization. These findings can guide individualized counseling and follow-up strategies.
This is the largest real-life cohort evaluating EF after embolization for HFP, using validated questionnaires. Limitations include the retrospective design and potential recall bias.
Superselective embolization for HFP is highly effective with limited impact on EF at long term. Nonetheless, nearly half of patients required assisted EF at follow-up, with comorbidities and lower baseline EF as significant predictors. Long-term monitoring and individualized counseling are essential.
The journal of sexual medicine. 2025 Oct 26 [Epub ahead of print]
Ludovico Maria Basadonna, Federica Passarelli, Michele Rizzo, Arianna Biasatti, Giulio Rossin, Franco Gadda, Fabio Ciamarra, Giorgio Gentile, Alessandro Franceschelli, Mirko Preto, Marco Falcone, Paolo Gontero, Alberto Caviglia, Celeste Manfredi, Fulvio Colombo, Giovanni Liguori, Antonio Galfano, Emanuele Montanari, Luca Boeri
Department of Urology, IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda, Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy., Department of Urology, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Trieste, Italy., Andrology Unit, St. Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy., Urology Clinic - A.O.U. "Città della Salute e della Scienza"- Molinette Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy., Department of Urology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy., Urology Unit, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.