Kidney stone disease (KSD) is a prevalent, multifactorial, and common disorder influenced by environmental and genetic factors, with increasing global incidence and high recurrence rates. Despite advances, understanding the interplay between urinary biochemistry, lifestyle, climate, and genetic predispositions remains essential for effective management. In this review, we evaluate current concepts on KSD pathophysiology, epidemiology, stone composition, and formation mechanisms, alongside recent diagnostic and therapeutic developments. We emphasize integrating genetic, environmental, and clinical data to inform personalized prevention and treatment strategies. These insights support tailored approaches that may improve patient outcomes and reduce recurrence, highlighting the potential of personalized medicine in addressing the complex etiology of KSD.
Public health reviews. 2026 Jul 10*** epublish ***
Aleksandra Leonova, Rosa Sinisi, Stefano Alba, Vincenzo Andracchio, Alberto Piana, Carmela Leonessa, Giuseppina Rose, Vito Summa, Giuseppe Passarino, Paolina Crocco
Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Rende, Italy., Institute of Methodologies for the Environmental Analysis, National Research Council, Tito Scalo, Italy., Romolo Hospital, Rocca di Neto (KR), Italy.