Analyzing electrolytes in urine, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and nitrite, has significant diagnostic value in detecting various conditions, such as kidney disorder, urinary stone disease, urinary tract infection, and cystic fibrosis. Ideally, by regularly monitoring these ions with the convenience of dipsticks and portable tools, such as cellphones, informed decision making is possible to control the consumption of these ions. Here, we report a paper-based sensor for measuring the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and nitrite in urine, accurately quantified using a smartphone-enabled platform. By testing the device with both Tris buffer and artificial urine containing a wide range of electrolyte concentrations, we demonstrate that the proposed device can be used for detecting potassium, calcium, chloride, and nitrite within the whole physiological range of concentrations, and for binary quantification of sodium concentration.
Scientific reports. 2020 Aug 12*** epublish ***
Fariba Ghaderinezhad, Hatice Ceylan Koydemir, Derek Tseng, Doruk Karinca, Kyle Liang, Aydogan Ozcan, Savas Tasoglu
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA., Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA., Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA., Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. ., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey. .