Bladder Cancer

En bloc resection of bladder tumor (ERBT) is becoming increasingly popular because of several potential advantages over conventional trans urethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). Multiple studies have demonstrated better specimen quality, higher detrusor muscle detection rates, improved surgical margins, fewer bladder perforations, and lower catheterization time.1–5 Modern laser systems further facilitated the development of ERBT by allowing more controlled dissection with minimal bleeding and limited thermal damage to the specimen.6–8

This publication represents a summary of the updated 2026 European Association of Urology (EAU) Guidelines for nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), TaT1 and carcinoma in situ (CIS). The information presented herein is limited to urothelial carcinoma, unless specified otherwise.

Despite Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) remaining the standard of care for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC), novel combination strategies are being actively investigated. Comparative evidence on the efficacy and tolerability of these regimens in BCG-naïve patients remains limited.

To develop contemporary evidence-informed recommendations for robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC), urinary reconstruction, and perioperative management, integrating current evidence with the experience of Latin American experts in uro-oncology and robotic surgery.

Genomic analysis has revealed that approximately 40% of bladder cancer (BLCA) tumors harbor alterations in the PI3K/AKT pathway, with PIK3CA mutations occurring in 15-25% of cases. PIK3CA, which encodes the catalytic p110α subunit of PI3K, plays a critical role in regulating cell survival, proliferation, and metabolism.

Neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy (NAC) followed by radical cystectomy (RC) is a standard treatment for cisplatin-eligible patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), yet baseline tools to refine prognostic stratification remain limited.

Substaging of T1 bladder cancer (BC) was implemented in Denmark in 2010 based on depth of lamina propria invasion-pT1a (superficial) and pT1b (deep)-with bladder-sparing therapy recommended for pT1a and early cystectomy for pT1b.

Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is characterized by high recurrence rates and heterogeneous progression risk, making accurate diagnosis, risk stratification, and personalized management challenging.

The optimal management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) depends not only on selecting the appropriate therapeutic strategy but also on minimizing the time from diagnosis to the initiation of the first curative-intent treatment.
Intravesical therapy remains a cornerstone in the management of non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) representing the standard of care for patients with intermediate- and high-risk disease. Despite its established efficacy, treatment is associated with a substantial patient burden related to frequent outpatient visits and a broad spectrum of local and systemic side effects. Common toxicities include lower urinary tract symptoms such as urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, and bladder irritation, as well as fatigue, hematuria, fever, and flu-like symptoms.1