To compare the safety and efficacy of super-mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (SMP) and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for the treatment of 1-2 cm lower-pole renal calculi (LPC).
An international multicenter, prospective, randomized, non-blinded controlled study was conducted at 10 academic medical centers in China, India, and Turkey between August 2015 and June 2017.