BERKELEY, CA (UroToday.com) - It has been proposed that β3-adrenoceptor (β3-AR) agonists inhibit not only the efferent, but also the afferent pathways innervating the bladder via release of nitric oxide (NO) or an unidentified inhibitory factor from the urothelium,[1, 2, 3, 4] which actively participates in sensory functions, expressing various receptors for mediators released from the urothelium itself in response to various stimuli.[5]