To find the best methods to achieve the highest pregnancy and birth rates for couples needing testicular sperm extraction (TESE)-intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
Retrospectively studied were 801 patients with male factor infertility who had undergone TESE-ICSI between April, 1996 and July, 2016 and who had been categorized into four groups: obstructive azoospermia (OA); non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA); Klinefelter syndrome (KS); and cryptozoospermia (Crypt).