Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is a challenging disease, with a high risk of recurrence and even progression to muscle invasive disease. The present standard treatment is suboptimal, and consists of a complete transurethral resection of the visible bladder tumour(s), followed by prophylactic intravesical instillations mitomycin-C (MMC) or bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG).