BERKELEY, CA (UroToday.com) - Urothelial cancer is a chemotherapy-sensitive malignancy, with the regimen of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (M-VAC) until recently considered to be the first choice for chemotherapy, however its adverse effects and poor long-term outcome results remain challenging problems. In addition, effective treatment for the cases showing resistance to M-VAC or recurrent cases after first-line chemotherapy has not to been established.