Current androgen receptor antagonists under investigation for resistant prostate cancer.

: The gold standard of medical therapy for advanced prostate cancer is based on the use of androgen-receptor inhibitors and taxane-based chemotherapy. Several new agents, such as enzalutamide, apalutamide, darolutamide and abiraterone, are now approved and currently used in clinical practice.

: We present a review of the literature on the current state of the art on the use of androgen receptors inhibitors for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer. We also provide an update on recent significant progress and ongoing clinical trials, and discuss the underlying cancer biology of castration resistance.

: The advent of second generation androgen receptor inhibitors has radically changed the therapeutic landscape of advanced prostate cancer. Novel strategies targeting the androgenic signaling pathway are being evaluated in order to overcome resistance mechanisms, to optimize the sequence of drugs currently available and to develop new combinational approaches to improve survival outcomes of advanced prostate cancer patients. New clinical trials, predictive biomarkers research and real-word experience may further improve clinical outcomes and guide clinicians in the decision-making process.

Expert review of anticancer therapy. 2021 Dec 20 [Epub ahead of print]

Maria Concetta Nigro, Veronica Mollica, Andrea Marchetti, Michael Cheng, Matteo Rosellini, Rodolfo Montironi, Liang Cheng, Francesco Massari

Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni - 15, Bologna, Italy., Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA., Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy., Department of Pathology and the Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.