Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening reduces prostate cancer deaths but leads to harm from overdiagnosis and overtreatment.
To determine the long-term risk of prostate cancer mortality using kallikrein blood markers measured at baseline in a large population of healthy men to identify men with low risk for prostate cancer death.
Study based on the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort enrolling 11 506 unscreened men aged 45-73 yr during 1991-1996, providing cryopreserved blood at enrollment and followed without PSA screening to December 31, 2014. We measured four kallikrein markers in the blood of 1223 prostate cancer cases and 3028 controls.
Prostate cancer death (n=317) by PSA and a prespecified statistical model based on the levels of four kallikrein markers.
Baseline PSA predicted prostate cancer death with a concordance index of 0.86. In men with elevated PSA (≥2.0ng/ml), predictive accuracy was enhanced by the four-kallikrein panel compared with PSA (0.80 vs 0.73; improvement 0.07; 95% confidence interval 0.04, 0.10). Nearly half of men aged 60+ yr with elevated PSA had a four-kallikrein panel score of <7.5%, translating into 1.7% risk of prostate cancer death at 15 yr-a similar estimate to that of a man with a PSA of 1.6ng/ml. Men with a four-kallikrein panel score of ≥7.5% had a 13% risk of prostate cancer death at 15 yr.
A prespecified statistical model based on four kallikrein markers (commercially available as the 4Kscore) reclassified many men with modestly elevated PSA, to have a low long-term risk of prostate cancer death. Men with elevated PSA but low scores from the four-kallikrein panel can be monitored rather than being subject to biopsy.
Men with elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) are often referred for prostate biopsy. However, men with elevated PSA but low scores from the four-kallikrein panel can be monitored rather than being subject to biopsy.
European urology. 2018 Mar 05 [Epub ahead of print]
Daniel D Sjoberg, Andrew J Vickers, Melissa Assel, Anders Dahlin, Bing Ying Poon, David Ulmert, Hans Lilja
Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA., Department of Clinical Microbiology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden., Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA; Division of Urological Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden., Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. Electronic address: .