Bladder Cancer Diagnosis and Follow-Up: The Current Status and Possible Role of Extracellular Vesicles.

Diagnostic methods currently used for bladder cancer are cystoscopy and urine cytology. Cystoscopy is an invasive tool and has low sensitivity for carcinoma in situ. Urine cytology is non-invasive, is a low-cost method, and has a high specificity but low sensitivity for low-grade urothelial tumors. Despite the search for urinary biomarkers for the early and non-invasive detection of bladder cancer, no biomarkers are used at the present in daily clinical practice. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recently studied as a promising source of biomarkers because of their role in intercellular communication and tumor progression. In this review, we give an overview of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved urine tests to detect bladder cancer and why their use is not widespread in clinical practice. We also include non-FDA approved urinary biomarkers in this review. We describe the role of EVs in bladder cancer and their possible role as biomarkers for the diagnosis and follow-up of bladder cancer patients. We review recently discovered EV-derived biomarkers for the diagnosis of bladder cancer.

International journal of molecular sciences. 2019 Feb 14*** epublish ***

Eline Oeyen, Lucien Hoekx, Stefan De Wachter, Marcella Baldewijns, Filip Ameye, Inge Mertens

Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium. ., Urology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium. ., Urology Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium. ., Pathological Anatomy Department, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium. ., Urology Department, General Hospital Maria Middelares Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. ., Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium. .