Etiology, pathophysiology and biomarkers of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome

Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is a chronic pain syndrome and a chronic inflammatory condition prevalent in women that leads to urgency, sleep disruption, nocturia and pain in the pelvic area, to the detriment of the sufferer's quality of life. The aim of this review is to highlight the newest diagnostic strategies and potential therapeutic techniques.

A comprehensive literature review was performed on MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane databases gathering all literature about "Interstitial cystitis" and "Painful Bladder Syndrome". Visual analogue scales, epidemiological strategies, pain questionnaires and similar techniques were not included in this literature survey.

The etiology, exact diagnosis and epidemiology of IC/PBS are still not clearly understood. To date, its prevalence is estimated to be in the range of 45 per 100,000 women and 8 per 100,000 men, whereas joint prevalence in both sexes is 10.6 cases per 100,000. There are no "gold standards" in the diagnosis or detection of IC/PBS, therefore, several etiological theories were investigated, such as permeability, glycosaminoglycans, mast cell, infection and neuroendocrine theory to find new diagnostic strategies and potential biomarkers.

Due to the fact that this disease is of an intricate nature, and that many of its symptoms overlap with other concomitant diseases, it could be suggested to classify the patients with emphasis on the phenotype, as well as their symptom clusters, to tailor the diagnostic and management choices according to the observed biomarkers.

Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. 2017 Apr 08 [Epub ahead of print]

Sourav Sanchit Patnaik, Antonio Simone Laganà, Salvatore Giovanni Vitale, Salvatore Butticè, Marco Noventa, Salvatore Gizzo, Gaetano Valenti, Agnese Maria Chiara Rapisarda, Valentina Lucia La Rosa, Carlo Magno, Onofrio Triolo, Vani Dandolu

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA., Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125, Messina, Italy. ., Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125, Messina, Italy., Unit of Urology, Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy., Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy., Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy., Unit of Psychodiagnostics and Clinical Psychology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nevada Medical School, Reno, NV, USA.