Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common but often underrecognized side effect of numerous medications prescribed for chronic conditions, particularly cardiovascular, psychiatric, and neurological disorders. This article reviews the impact of various drug classes on erectile function, focusing on mechanisms and clinical implications. Antipsychotics, widely used in schizophrenia, frequently cause ED through dopamine inhibition and increased prolactin levels, affecting libido and erectile capacity. Beta-blockers, especially older non-selective agents, contribute to ED by causing vascular constriction and hormonal alterations, while newer agents like nebivolol may improve erectile function via nitric oxide release. Diuretics, particularly thiazides, show mixed evidence regarding their effect on erectile function, though aldosterone receptor antagonists such as spironolactone are linked to antiandrogenic side effects. Centrally acting antihypertensives, antiepileptics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), lithium, and opioids also play significant roles in sexual dysfunction, primarily through hormonal disruption, vascular effects, and central nervous system pathways. Notably, opioids exert profound effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, leading to high rates of ED in younger men. In contrast, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and calcium channel blockers generally exhibit neutral or beneficial effects on sexual function. Understanding these drug-related risks is crucial for clinicians to tailor therapies that minimize sexual side effects, thereby enhancing patient adherence and overall quality of life. Further research is warranted to clarify mechanisms and develop effective management strategies for medication-induced ED.
Cureus. 2025 Sep 26*** epublish ***
Bartosz Czyzewski, Joanna Czyzewska, Alicja Dorota, Michal Dorota, Karol Kozlowski, Wojciech Zywiec, Cezary Milczarek, Anna Mariankowska, Illia Koval
Department of Internal Medicine, Central Clinical Hospital of the Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, POL., Student Scientific Club of Biomedicine and Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, POL., Department of Internal Medicine, Zaglebiowskie Oncology Center in Dąbrowa Górnicza, Dąbrowa Górnicza, POL., Conservative Dentistry, Central Clinical Hospital of Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, POL., Anesthesia and Critical Care, Provincial Integrated Hospital, Kielce, POL., General Medicine, Provincial Hospital of St. Luke, Tarnów, POL., Medicine, Provincial Hospital in Poznań, Poznań, POL.