ADRENAL DISORDERS: INCREASED, DECREASED, AND NORMAL FUNCTION

• Increased Function
  • Adrenal cortex
    • Hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome)
    • Cushing's syndrome
    • Adrenogenital syndromes
  • Adrenal medulla
    • Pheochromocytoma
• Decreased Function
  • Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease)
    • Idiopathic adrenal atrophy
    • Granulomatous disease
    • Infarction and hemorrhage
    • Metastatic tumor
    • Infiltration lesions (i.e., amyloidosis)
• Normal Function
  • Adenoma and carcinoma
  • Myelolipoma
  • Adrenal cysts
• Pseudotumors
  • Exophytic renal mass
  • Hepatic mass
  • Interposition of colon into hepatorenal recess
  • Dilated IVC

References

• Blumenfeld JD, Schlusse, Sealey JE, et al: Diagnosis and treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism. Ann Intern Med, 121:877-885, 1994.
• Blumenfeld JD, Vaughan ED Jr.: The adrenals. In: Campbell's Urology. 7th Ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1998, pp. 2915-2971.

   

• Manger WM, Gifford RW Jr.: Pheochromocytoma. A clinical review. In: Hypertension Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Laragh JH, Brenner BM, eds. 1995, pp. 2225-2246.
• Orth DN: Cushing syndrome. N Eng J Med 332:791-795, 1995.
• Ulchaker JC, Goldfarb DA, Bravo EL, Novick AC: Successful outcomes in pheochromocytoma surgery in the modern era. J Urol 161:764-767, 1999. Vaughan ED Jr.: Adrenal surgery. F. F. Marshall, Ed. In: Textbook of Operative Surgery. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1996, p 220-230.
• Vaughan ED Jr., (ed): Diagnosis and treatments of adrenal disorders. World J Urol 17:1064, 1999.

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