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December 2006
The Pathology of Bladder Cancer: an Update on Selected Issues (PDF)
The Uropathology Working Group (European Society of Pathology) and the European Society of Uropathology met in Palermo, on 18 June 2005, for a workshop held during the 78th Congress of the Italian Society of Urology. In this paper we summarize the discussions and conclusions of the bladder tumour subcommittee.
Diagnostic Tests Used in the Investigation of Adult Haematuria: a Systematic Review (PDF)
Haematuria can be a symptom of serious underlying pathology (e.g. urological malignancy), but also has many benign causes (e.g. vigorous exercise). Haematuria is often detected in primary-care settings using urine dipstick tests and can be an incidental finding. The finding of haematuria might be regarded as the initiating step in a diagnostic chain, the second step of which is to establish the underlying cause. The aim of management should be prompt detection and treatment of serious underlying causes of haematuria, while minimizing the number of tests conducted in asymptomatic patients with benign causes.
Hot and Cold Technologies for Tissue Ablation in Urology (PDF)
Increasingly, technology plays an important role in urology, and with this greater use comes the expected increase in regulation. Authors from the UK present a review of the physical properties of ablative technologies, evaluating efficacy and safety, and summarising guidance issued by the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) where available. There are also reviews from the UK on haematuria, and on the pathology of bladder cancer from an international group of European authors.
November 2006
The Enlarged Prostate: A Brief History of its Surgical Treatment (PDF)
The enlarged prostate has plagued men since antiquity, or at least when they lived long enough to reach the ‘prostatic’ age.
Congenital Urethral Obstruction: The Video-Endoscopic Perspective (PDF)
Obstruction of the posterior urethra was first described in 1717 by Morgagni, followed by a subsequent description by Langenbeck in 1802 in his monograph on stone disease.
Risk Factors and Prevention of Rhabdomyolysis After Laparoscopic Nephrectomy (PDF)
Rhabdomyolysis is a frequent trauma-related complication, but it has been described as a complication associated with certain surgical procedures involving extended periods in positions causing muscle ischaemia.
October 2006
The Management of Neurogenic Bladder and Quality of Life in Spinal Cord Injury (PDF)
As healthcare has improved, life-expectancy after spinal cord injury (SCI) has increased; living with disability becomes a life-long process for many injured persons, with a different set of problems presenting themselves at different stages in life.
Low Penetrance Genetic Susceptibility to Kidney Cancer (PDF)
Sporadic RCC is the most common renal tumour in adults; it is twice as common in men than in women.
Improving Outcomes in Early Prostate Cancer: Part I - Adjuvant Treatment (PDF)
Prostate cancer has recently become the most commonly diagnosed male malignancy in the West and the second leading cause of cancerrelated mortality in men.
Improving Outcomes in Early Prostate Cancer: Part II - Neoadjuvant Treatment (PDF)
Whilst there have been advances in the management of the disease in the last two decades, reflected in improved survival rates, up to half of men with clinically localized disease are not cured by surgery or radiation.
September 2006
Development of Growth Inhibitory Agents in Urological and Other Malignancies (PDF)
In Oncology there have been Many New Putative Anticancer Drugs Based on the Improving Understanding of Oncogenesis and the Malignant Phenotype.
Antimuscarinic Drugs in Detrusor Overactivity and the Overactive Bladder Syndrome: Motor or Sensory Actions? (PDF)
Antimuscarinic drugs are generally thought to exert their therapeutic action on detrusor overactivity by reducing the ability of the detrusor muscle to contract..
Anaesthetic Considerations for Endoscopic Extraperitoneal and Laparoscopic Transperitoneal Radical Prostatectomy (PDF)
We focus on the anaesthesiology and requirements for minimally invasive procedures for treating localized prostate cancer.
Henry Wade (1876-1955): an Early 20th Century Cancer Researcher and Pioneer Urologist (PDF)
Sir Henry Wade (1876–1955) is best known as a prominent military surgeon and pioneer Scottish urologist who revolutionized early 20th century surgical urology and became an international authority on disorders of the urinary system.
August 2006
Efficacy of Type-5 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors in the Drug Treatment of Premature Ejaculation (PDF)
This review examines the role of nitric oxide (NO) as a neurotransmitter involved in the central and peripheral control of ejaculation,the methods of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5I) drug treatment studies for premature ejaculation (PE), the adherence of methods to the contemporary consensus of ideal PE drug trial design, the impact of methods on treatment outcomes and the role of PDE5Is in the treatment of PE.
Steps by Which Better Overall Health for Men Could be Achieved (PDF)
Men’s health has become an important medical, social and political issue. On average, men die 5 years younger than women, and some reasons for this ‘gender gap’ are deeply entrenched and unhealthy patterns of male behaviour.
Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Paediatric Urology (PDF)
CT and MRI are imaging methods with several advantages over traditional radiography for imaging the urinary tract of children.
Minimally Invasive Nephron-Sparing Surgery for Renal Cell Cancer (PDF)
Nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) is now an established concept; building on the excellent outcomes of open partial nephrectomy (OPN) [1], considerable interest has recently focused on minimally invasive NSS (MINSS).
July 2006
Using Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening and Nomograms to Assess Risk and Predict Outcomes in the Management of Prostate Cancer (PDF)
With the ageing of the global population, prostate cancer has become one of the most common malignancies among men in the European Community [1], with an estimated 180 000 new cases diagnosed in the USA in 2000 alone [2].
Optimizing Outcomes and Quality of Life in the Hormonal Treatment of Prostate Cancer (PDF)
Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous, human malignancy, and in 2003 accounted for about a third of new cancer iagnoses in men.
The Potential and Promise of Using Botulinum Toxin in the Prostate Gland (PDF)
There are several key landmarks for the application of botulinum toxin in urology.
Aneuploidy in Bladder Cancers: The Utility of Fluorescent in situ Hybridization in Clinical Practice (PDF)
Bladder cancer continues to be a challenge in both detection and treatment.
June 2006
Interfering with Cell-Survival Signalling as a Treatment Strategy for Prostate Cancer (PDF)
A mounting body of evidence implicates dysregulation of cell-survival signalling pathways in the pathogenesis of hormonerefractory prostate cancer (HRPC), and with the activation of survival mechanisms that counteract chemotherapeutic treatment options.
Laparoscopic Live-Donor Nephrectomy (PDF)
With increasing numbers of people on the renal transplant waiting list each year in every country, the onus has been to increase live donation and thus try to address this shortfall.
Anaemia in the Critically Ill Patient: Mmonitoring of Erythropoietin Therapy (PDF)
Patients who require the intensive attention of a physician because of various of medical emergencies (e.g. status after cardiac arrest, shock, bleeding, respiratory failure, postoperative complications) are defined as critically ill.
Effects of Intraurethral Injection of Anaesthetic Gel for Transurethral Instrumentation (PDF)
In current clinical practice, 2% lignocaine gel is widely used as a local anaesthetic lubricant before various forms of transurethral instrumentation (urethral catheterization, flexible or rigid cystoscopy, urethral dilatation) [1,2].
May 2006
Positron Emission Tomography And Molecular Imaging Of The Prostate: An Update (PDF)
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging technique providing noninvasive, three-dimensional (3D), whole-body, quantitative images of radioactivity from radioisotopes undergoing positron emission decay (Table 1).
Advancing The Treatment Of Stress Urinary Incontinence (PDF)
Urinary incontinence (UI) is an embarrassing condition causing both physical and emotional discomfort. Of patients presenting with involuntary leakage of urine, about half have stress urinary incontinence (SUI) [1], defined as the involuntary leakage of urine on effort or exertion, or on sneezing or coughing [1].
Clinical Trials In Patients With Biochemically Relapsed Prostate Cancer (PDF)
There are ≈ 230 110 new cases of prostate cancer diagnosed annually in the USA [1].
Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Immuno-PET And Radioimmunotherapy In Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Developing Diagnostic And Therapeutic Relationship (PDF)
Of primary adult renal tumours, 90% are RCC, with more being diagnosed incidentally using modern imaging methods [1].
April 2006
Chemotherapy for High-Risk Localized Prostate Cancer (PDF)
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men in the USA except for skin cancer, and is the second leading cause of cancer mortality in men.
Leuprolide Acetate Is A Familiar Drug That May Modify Sex-Offender Behaviour: The Urologist's Role (PDF)
The early history of treatment of paedophilia has paralleled the treatment of prostate cancer.
Chlamydial Infections And Prostatitis In Men (PDF)
Chlamydiae are obligate intracellularly growing bacteria; currently four species are recognized: C. pneumoniae, C. trachomatis, C. psittaci and C. pecorum , of the genus Chlamydia of the family Chlamydiaceae within the order Chlamydiales [1].
March 2006
Management Approaches to Small Renal Tumours (PDF)
RCC was diagnosed in ≈35 710 individuals in the USA in 2004; 40% of these patients will eventually die from the disease [1].
Treatment Targeted at Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor: A Promising Approach to Managing Metastatic Kidney Cancer (PDF)
RCC is a common urological tumour and accounts for ≈3% of all human malignancies.
Current Role of Prostate-Specific Antigen Kinetics in Managing Patients with Prostate Cancer (PDF)
PSA is the most widely used tumour marker in clinical practice, but the value of PSA in identifying patients at increased risk of prostate cancer is controversial.
Radical Prostatectomy with Positive Surgical Margins: How Are Patients Managed? (PDF)
The last decade has seen a trend towards organ-confined prostate cancer, primarily due to the widespread use of PSA testing [1].
February 2006
Lymphadenectomy For Invasive Bladder Cancer: I. Historical Perspective And Contemporary Rationale (PDF)
In the USA bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men and the eighth most common in women, with TCC comprising nearly 90% of all primary bladder tumours.
Lymphadenectomy For Invasive Bladder Cancer. II. Technical Aspects And Prognostic Factors (PDF)
The role of a lymphadenectomy in genitourinary tumours has gained recent attention.
A Simple Method For Teaching About Voiding Disorders (PDF)
Patients with LUT disorders seek care from a wide range of healthcare providers, including nurses, geriatricians, gynaecologists, urologists, rehabilitation medicine specialists, family physicians and internists, and the collective annual cost of managing them exceeds US$36 billion [1–3].
Recent Improvements In Transurethral High-Frequency Electrosurgery Of The Prostate (PDF)
For many years TURP has been the standard method for treating LUTS resulting from benign prostatic enlargement (BPE), characteristically giving immediate success on removing the obstruction, and long-lasting improvement of symptoms and voiding varables [1].
January 2006
Vasculogenic Erectile Dysfunction: Beyond The Haemodynamic Changes (PDF)
Vasculogenic erectile dysfunction (ED) consists of arteriogenic ED (cavernosal artery insufficiency) and veno-occlusive ED [1–3].
Hope Springs Eternal: Cavernosal Nerve Regeneration (PDF)
Prostate cancer is the most common internal malignancy affecting men in the Western world. Retropubic radical prostatectomy (RP) is a widely accepted form of curative treatment for localized prostate cancer, and is performed in a substantial proportion of men with the disease.
Side-Effects Of Treatments For Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer (PDF)
Locally advanced prostate cancer (LAPC) is a clinical diagnosis whereby the tumour has extended beyond the prostatic capsule with no evidence of nodal or distant metastatic spread [1].
Structural Characterization Of Myofibroblasts In The Bladder (PDF)
The cellular physiology of the lower urinary tract is in an exciting phase thanks to the identification of a novel cell type, present in the bladder within the detrusor and in the suburothelial space.
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