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December 2005
A Tumour Stem Cell Hypothesis For The Origins Of Prostate Cancer (PDF)
Cancer stem cells undoubtedly exist in many tumour types, including the prostate.
Comparison Of Cryoablation, Radiofrequency Ablation And High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound For Treating Small Renal Tumours (PDF)
Extirpative surgery for renal tumours adheres to the oncological principle of tumour excision with a wide margin.
Emerging Minimally Invasive Techniques For Treating Localized Prostate Cancer (PDF)
Since the introduction of PSA as a clinical marker for prostate cancer in the late 1980s, more men are diagnosed with localized prostate cancer [1].
Current Status Of Dynamic Lymphoscintigraphy And Sentinel Lymph-node Biopsy In Urological Malignancies (PDF)
The concept of sentinel lymph node (SLN) relates to the existence and subsequent identification of specific lymph node centres that predict the nodal status of patients with a malignancy.
November 2005
Female Sexual Dysfunction After Pelvic Surgery: The Impact Of Surgical Modifications (PDF)
Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a highly prevalent and often underestimated problem in the community.
Zoledronic Acid Is Effective In Preventing And Delaying Skeletal Events In Patients With Bone Metastases Secondary To Genitourinary Cancers (PDF)
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men in the USA and the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men [1].
Intravesical Gemcitabine For Superficial Bladder Cancer: Rationale For A New Treatment Option (PDF)
Superficial bladder cancer (SBC) represents nearly 70% of all bladder cancers at first presentation and comprises a heterogeneous population of tumours that do not invade the muscularis propria.
The Need To Reduce Patient Discomfort During Transrectal Ultrasonography-Guided Prostate Biopsy: What Do We Know? (PDF)
During the last decade the development of prostate biopsy has continuously accelerated.
October 2005
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection: A Review Of Risks And Complications (PDF)
The incidence of couples seeking fertility treatment in the western world is estimated to be 15% [1], and male factors account for about half of the cases [2].
Does Photodynamic Therapy Have The Necessary Attributes To Become A Future Treatment For Organ-Confined Prostate Cancer? (PDF)
Most would agree that there are too many treatment options for men with early prostate cancer.
The Role Of Repeat Transurethral Resection In The Management Of High-Risk Superficial Transitional Cell Bladder Cancer (PDF)
High-risk superficial transitional cell bladder cancers are not muscle-invasive tumours but have a high predilection for the developing muscle invasion, metastasis and eventual mortality.
Is Intravesical Chemotherapy For Superficial Bladder Cancer Still Justified? (PDF)
The use of intravesical chemotherapy in the management of superficial bladder cancer has been controversial in recent years.
Terence Millin: Pioneer Of The Retropubic Space (PDF)
Terence Millin was, without doubt, Ireland’s most famous urologist and was responsible for markedly changing the approach to the surgery of the prostate gland.
September 2005
A Perspective On Protein Profiling Of Blood (PDF)
Protein profiling of blood is going to lead to huge changes in the development of biomarkers and perhaps also in producing targets for the medical treatment of cancer.
Adjuvant Therapy Of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Patient Selection And Therapeutic Options (PDF)
Cancer of the kidney or renal pelvis is estimated to account for 36 160 new cases and 12 660 deaths in the USA in 2005, and over 100 000 deaths worldwide [1,2].
Microsatellite Instability And Transitional Cell Carcinoma Of The Upper Urinary Tract (PDF)
Upper urinary tract TCCs (UUT-TCC) are rare and account for 5% of all urothelial carcinomas [1]; 20-30% of the patients with UUT-TCC have a history of bladder TCC, but <2% with bladder TCC have UUT-TCC. The incidence of synchronous bilateral UUT-TCC is ≈3% and tumours of the renal pelvis are three to four times more common than ureteric TCC [2].
Orthotopic Neobladder Reconstruction - What Are The Options? (PDF)
The standard treatment for urinary diversion has been the ileal conduit, but in the last decade and a half, efforts have been made to preserve patient body image and quality of life by constructing continent bladder substitutes [1].
Delayed Graft Function: A Dilemma In Renal Transplantation (PDF)
‘Delayed graft function’ (DGF) is a term used to describe the lack of acceptable autonomous function in a kidney which, after transplantation, requires intervention in the form of dialysis. Historically, DGF was defined by the requirement for dialysis within the first week of renal transplantation.
August 2005
Selecting Therapy For Maintaining Sexual Function In Patients With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (PDF)
In patients with BPH, LUTS can diminish quality of life (QoL) by interfering with sexual function [1-3], which has been shown to be an important component of QoL among men even in their later years [4,5].
Robotic Renal And Adrenal Surgery: Present And Future (PDF)
From its initial use in cardiac surgery, robotically assisted surgery has progressively moved to urology such that at present, over half its application is for urological surgery.
Targeting Bladder Outlet Obstruction From Benign Prostatic Enlargement Via The Nitric Oxide/cGMP Pathway? (PDF)
The high age-related incidence of benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) often associated with BOO and LUTS is of considerable significance for public health.
The Vital Role Of Creativity In Academic Departments (PDF)
Organizations such as academic departments and universities have long had a tacit understanding of the need for creativity.
July 2005
Molecular Staging of Bladder Cancer (PDF)
Cancer of the urinary bladder is a major epidemiological problem that continues to grow each year.
The Role of Hand-assisted Laparoscopy in Urology: A Critical Appraisal (PDF)
Laparoscopic techniques are now part of the standard armoury for extirpative and reconstructive urological procedures.
The Role of Photodynamic Diagnosis in the Contemporary Management of Superficial Bladder Cancer (PDF)
Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) for bladder tumours was reported as long as 40 years ago [1], but the modern era was heralded with the first clinical report of the use of 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA) as a photosensitizing agent [2].
Nonsurgical Factors in the Success of Hypospadias Repair (PDF)
Hypospadias is a common congenital disorder affecting ≈ 1 in 300 live male births.
June 2005
What’s New in the Treatment of Metastatic Kidney Cancer? (PDF)
RCC is the sixth leading cause of cancer death in the USA, and the incidence of RCC in Europe is increasing, with ≈ 20 000 new cases each year and an annual death rate from metastatic disease of ≈ 8000 per year.
Ejaculatory Disorders and Sexual Function (PDF)
Recent advances in the knowledge and treatment of erectile dysfunction have increased patient and practitioner awareness of other sexual problems, particularly ejaculatory disorders (EjD).
The Molecular Basis of Cryosurgery (PDF)
Recent molecular research has the potential to substantially broaden the efficacy of cryosurgery, especially in the treatment of tumours.
Genitourinary Medicine and Surgery in Prisons During the Period of Reform (PDF)
Prison reform in England began in the 1770s; before that prisoners could obtain medical attention at their own expense or, if they were lucky, funded by the authorities: ‘In 1674, a Dr Hodges was paid 10 pounds: "to inform himself of the gravity of the distemper in Wood Street compter (an archaic term for a prison)", and approval was granted for settlement of an apothecary’s bill for certain medicines used in treating the disease’.
May 2005
The Role of Bisphosphonates in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer (PDF)
Bisphosphonates are a routine treatment for patients with metastatic breast cancer and multiple myeloma, in which setting they have been shown to reduce the risk of fractures and the need for palliative radiotherapy [1].
The Bosniak Classification of Renal Cystic Masses (PDF)
The increasing use of ultrasonography (US) and CT over the last 30 years has led to the frequent discovery of asymptomatic renal masses.
Renal Haemangiopericytoma: The Characteristics of A Rare Tumour (PDF)
In a wide spectrum of renal tumours, haemangiopericytoma (HPC) is one of the scarcer entities.
Mechanisms of Renal Ischaemic Injury and Their Clinical Impact (PDF)
Renal ischaemia involves a cascade of events with many causes, and ischaemic renal injury is a frequent clinical problem, associated with high mortality [1].
April 2005
Peyronie’s Disease: The Epidemiology, Aetiology And Clinical Evaluation of Deformity (PDF)
While PD was once considered to be relatively uncommon, studies now suggest that its prevalence is similar to that of diabetes or urolithiasis [1].
Recent Advances in Understanding The Biology of Diabetes-associated Bladder Complications And Novel Therapy (PDF)
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is at epidemic proportions and becoming a major problem in the USA.
Molecular Prognostic Factors in Bladder Cancer (PDF)
Cancer cells are distinguished from normal cells by several hallmarks, including evasion of apoptosis, self-sufficiency in growth signalling, insensitivity to antigrowth signals, sustained angiogenesis, limitless replicative potential, propensity towards tissue invasion and metastasis [1].
An Evidence-based Approach to Understanding the Pharmacological Class Effect in the Management of Prostatic Diseases (PDF)
Ever more alternative products are available for each drug type commonly used to treat prostatic diseases, i.e. α-blockers, 5α-reductase inhibitors, antiandrogens and LHRH agonists.
March 2005
Molecular Pathways in Bladder Cancer: Part 1 (PDF)
Bladder cancer is the fifth most common malignancy in England and Wales, with 12 500 new cases and 5000 deaths per year [1]; worldwide, an estimated 336 000 new cases occur each year and its incidence is increasing [1,2].
Molecular Pathways in Bladder Cancer: Part 2 (PDF)
Bladder cancer is the fifth most common malignancy in England and Wales, and is the second most common genitourinary tumour.
Non-transitional Cell Bladder Carcinomas (PDF)
Of malignant bladder tumours, 90-95% are TCC (urothelial) and the remaining 5-10% are composed of mesenchymal and/or epithelial tumours of other histological types.
Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage And Apoptosis in Male Infertility: A Clinical Approach (PDF)
All living aerobic cells are normally exposed to some reactive oxygen species (ROS) but if ROS levels rise, oxidative stress (OS) occurs, which results in oxygen and oxygen-derived oxidants, and in turn increases the rates of cellular damage.
February 2005
Surgical Margin Status After Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy (PDF)
Since the early 1980s, improved knowledge of male pelvic anatomy, along with the refinement of surgical technique, have led to a dramatic change in the management of localized prostate cancer.
Hormonal Therapy Options for Prostate-specific Antigen-only Recurrence of Prostate Cancer After Previous Local Therapy (PDF)
The ‘PSA era’, which now spans > 15 years (1988 to present), has dramatically altered the epidemiology of prostate cancer in the USA and many other industrialized countries.
Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: An Underestimated Condition in Men (PDF)
One consequence of the availability of medication that allows men to enhance their erection is that male hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) is erroneously presented and treated as erectile dysfunction (ED).
Conventional And Alternative Methods for Providing Analgesia in Renal Colic (PDF)
Renal colic secondary to a ureteric calculus produces one of the most severe forms of pain known to man, and yet the ideal analgesia remains unknown.
January 2005
Neuroprotective Strategies in Radical Prostatectomy (PDF)
Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy among men in Western society. In the USA alone, 200 000 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2003.
The Importance of Patient Perception in the Clinical Assessment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and its Management (PDF)
BPH is a common disorder of ageing men, occurring in 19-30% of men aged > 50 years [1,2], and is therefore a significant contributor to the daily practice of urologists and primary-care physicians.
Robotic Urological Surgery: A Perspective (PDF)
We appear to be heading towards a digital surgical future; high-tech minimally invasive surgery and more recently robotics are examples. Despite these surgical advances it is important to keep things in context.
Celestial Bodies and Urinary Stones: Isaac Newton (1641-1727) - Health and Urological Problems (PDF)
Isaac Newton was a remarkable physicist and mathematician of the 17th century. He overcame significant urological ailments, including possible nephrotic syndrome, urinary calculi and BOO while establishing his scientific genius.
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